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阿茲海默症是以德國醫生愛羅斯.阿茲海默(如相片)的名字做命名 ,. 阿茲海默醫生在法蘭克福避難所,照護一位患有短期記憶損失的病人Auguste D,.Alzheimer's disease was first described by its namesake, Alois Alzheimer (pictured), a German physician. At the Frankfurt Asylum, Dr. Alzheimer cared for a patient, Auguste D, who suffered from short-term memory loss. 在病患她死後,Upon her death, 對病患她的腦部取樣染色做活體切片檢查,第一次檢驗出澱粉樣蛋白老化斑和(神經細胞內)神經纖維糾結,並在1906年的蒂賓根(Tübingen是德國巴登-符騰堡州的城市),舉行的第37屆德國西南的精神病醫學研討會中,an autopsy was performed and samples of her brain were stained, revealing, for the first time, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. At the 37th Meeting of the Southwest German Psychiatrists in Tübingen in 1906, 阿茲海默醫生第一次發表該病例報告文獻,後來被稱為阿茲海默症。Dr. Alzheimer presented the first pathologically documented case of what would later be known as Alzheimer's disease.
橫軸表示出生(birth)到死亡(death)年齡, 黃色線表健康老人病程 ,藍色線表輕微認知功能受損, 紅色表臨床表徵診斷出阿茲海默症.
阿茲海默症的預後,會隨著時間逐漸的退化,類似於加速精神老化的過程。Alzheimer's disease results in progressive degeneration over time, akin to an acceleration of the mental aging process. 患者的早期症狀,可能是較常見只有不成年齡比例的輕微的記憶問題(輕度認知功能損傷)。
In patients with early disease, only minor memory problems out of proportion to their age (mild cognitive impairment) might be apparent. 輕度至中度的症狀,患者有可能變成迷失,需要更長的時間處理日常工作,並重複問題。With mild-to-moderate disease, patients may become lost, take longer handling daily tasks, and repeat questions. 隨著病程進展增長,患者還會表現出情緒的變化和個性,語言能力、理解力、和感應不良的病徵。With increased progression, patients also exhibit changes with mood and personality, language, reasoning, and sensory processions. 在阿茲海默重症,患者的日常生活有極大的困難,並需要越來越多的支持性照護。In severe Alzheimer's disease, patients have great difficulty interacting with daily life and require increasing amounts of supportive care. 患者可能患有體重減輕,發病,腸或膀胱失控,或皮膚感染。Patients may suffer from weight loss, seizures, loss of bowel or bladder control, or skin infections.
臨床逐步惡化的同時伴隨嚴重的病理變化。在早期的疾病,只有些微增加腦室的大小可能會被注意到。The progressive clinical deterioration is accompanied by gross pathologic changes. In the early disease, only minimal increases in ventricular size may be noticeable. 然而,由於病情不斷的惡化發展,
腦室會擴大及大腦皮質,海馬迴和嗅內野皮質全部收縮。 However, with worsening disease progression, the ventricles enlarge and the cerebral cortices, hippocampi, and entorhinal cortices all shrink. 這種退化會持續有增無減,直到萎縮成大腦正常大小的一小部分。This degeneration continues unabated until the brain is a fraction of its normal size.
無數腦部細胞顯微鏡下觀察的微小變化,造成嚴重的退化性變化的直接結果。The gross degenerative changes are the direct result of numerous microscopic changes. (神經細胞內)神經纖維糾結和澱粉樣蛋白老化斑(如圖示)是阿茲海默醫生第一個發表描述阿茲海默症的的正字標誌, The neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques (shown here) first described by Dr. Alzheimer are hallmarks of the disease, 儘管他們也可能是發現在一些無關的神經退行性異常。although they may also be found in several unrelated neurodegenerative disorders. 少數甚至部分正常老化過程。A small number are even part of the normal aging process. 這些因透過特殊組織染色,在顯微鏡檢查下,發現的病灶。
These lesions are found at the microscopic level and are visible with special histologic stains. 相結合的(神經細胞內)神經纖維糾結和澱粉樣蛋白老化斑,以及獨特的層狀分佈
,是確診阿茲海默症必要的病理組織學檢查。The combination of tangles plus plaques, as well as the distinctive laminar distribution, is necessary for a histopathologic determination of Alzheimer's disease. 其他病理發現包括顆粒空泡變性和澱粉樣血管病變。Other pathologic findings include granulovacuolar degeneration and amyloid angiopathy. |
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